A Structural Analysis of the Chinese Patriarchal Family Business Model: What Happens in the Corridors of the Shrine?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2478/eb-2020-0015Keywords:
family business, small/medium-size enterprise, organisation characteristics, business effectivenessAbstract
The family business features a replica of the family model, carrying the DNA of its structural foundational principles that sow the seeds of the vision of its creator (the family head). They are nonetheless bound by several external factors that determine their growth path. As the market is a highly unstable environment, resilience in strategy is demanded to maintain enterprise survival and improve its performance. In the present research, we attempt, firstly, to display the findings of an analysis of small and medium-size Chinese organisations that sketches their characteristics, including the following elements: the style of the leader, decision-making style, leadership style, organisation structure, supervision, variables related to the manager and organisation ownership. Secondly, we delineate the impact of the implementation of a set of strategy configurations on Chinese business effectiveness. The research findings reveal a considerable impact of the aforementioned variables on Chinese SME effectiveness; they reflect a strong presence of the produce or perish leadership style, a predictable characteristic of enterprises led by males (with an effect estimated with 0.48) combined with the entrepreneurial type of leader that entails a strict mode of management (centralization) and subsequently influences business effectiveness. All these characteristics confirm the replication of the family management style within SMEs.References
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Beckhard, R., & Dyer Jr, W. G. (1983). SMR forum: Managing change in the family firm-Issues and strategies, 24(3), 59.
Blake, R., & Mouton, J. J. (1964). The managerial grid: The key to leadership excellence, 350.
Bouhelal, F., & Kerbouche, M. (2016). Why do we consider Miles and Snow’s model’s one of the most important strategic ones? Maghreb Review of Economic and management, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.12816/0032860
Busenitz, L. W., Gomez, C., & Spencer, J. W. (2000). Country institutional profiles: Unlocking entrepreneurial phenomena. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 994–1003. https://doi.org/10.5465/1556423
Cai, D. A., Fink, E. L., Walker, C. B. (2019). Robert R. Blake, With Recognition of Jane S. Mouton. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, in print. https://doi.org/10.1111/ncmr.12151
Chami, R. (1997). What’s different about family businesses?. Available at SSRN 38041.
Chandler, A. D. Jr. (1962). Strategy and structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise. MIT Press.
Chen, C.-J., & Yu, C.-M. J. (2012). Managerial ownership, diversification, and firm performance: Evidence from an emerging market. International Business Review, 21(3), 518–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2011.06.002
Chen, M. J. (1995). Thailand – Overseas Chinese family business: A case study. East Asian Executive Reports, 17(11), 8–21.
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Advances in Hospitality and Leisure, 8(2), 295–336.
Cho, K. W., Yi, S. H., & Choi, S. (2018). Does Blake and Mouton’s managerial grid work?: the relationship between leadership type and organisation performance in South Korea. International Review of Public Administration, 23(2), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/12294659.2018.1471029
Daily, C. M., & Dollinger, M. J. (1992). An empirical examination of ownership structure in family and professionally managed firms. Family Business Review, 5(2), 117–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1992.00117.x
Davies, H., & Ma, C. (2003). Strategic choice and the nature of the Chinese family business: An exploratory study of the Hong Kong watch industry. Organization Studies, 24(9), 1405–1435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840603249003
Donckels, R., & Fröhlich, E. (1991). Are family businesses really different? European experiences from STRATOS. Family Business Review, 4(2), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1991.00149.x
Donnelley, R. G. (1964). The family business. Harvard Business Review, 42, 93–105.
Elliott, A. C., & Woodward, W. A. (2007). Statistical analysis quick reference guidebook with SPSS examples. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985949
Galván, R. S., Martínez, A. B., & Rahman, H. (2017). Impact of family business on economic development: A study of Spain’s family-owned supermarkets. Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 5(4), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.12691/jbms-5-4-4
Gasson, R., & Errington, A. J. (1993). The farm family business. Cab International.
Gatfield, T., & Youseff, M. (2001). A critical examination of and reflection on the Chinese family business unit and the Chinese business clan. Family Business Review, 14(2), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2001.00153.x
Graves, C., & Thomas, J. (2008). Determinants of the internationalization pathways of family firms: An examination of family influence. Family Business Review, 21(2), 151–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2008.00119.x
Gundry, L. K., & Welsch, H. P. (2001). The ambitious entrepreneur: High growth strategies of women-owned enterprises. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(5), 453–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(99)00059-2
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage publications.
Hannan, M. T., & Freeman, J. (1984). Structural inertia and organisational change. American Sociological Review, 49(2), 149–164. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095567
Henseler, J., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Goodness-of-fit indices for partial least squares path modeling. Computational Statistics, 28(2), 565–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00180-012-0317-1
Hoskisson, R. E., Eden, L., Lau, C. M., & Wright, M. (2000). Strategy in emerging economies. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), 249–267. https://doi.org/10.5465/1556394
Huang, W., Li, J., & Zhang, Q. (2019). Information asymmetry, legal environment, and family firm governance: Evidence from IPO underpricing in China. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 57, 101109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2019.01.005
Inkson, J. H. K., Pugh, D. S., Hickson, D. J. (1970). Organization context and structure: An abbreviated replication. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15(3), 318–329. https://doi.org/10.2307/2391622
Kepner, E. (1983). The family and the firm: A coevolutionary perspective. Organizational Dynamics, 12(1), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(83)90027-X
Julien, P-A., Marchesnay, M. L. (1996). Entrepreneuriat. Ed. Economica. Paris.
Kerbouche, M. B. F., Belmimoun, A. (2017). Organisation effectiveness under the internal factors and environment. Les politiques Economique En Algérie, 8(1), 33–46.
Lansberg, I., Perrow, E. L., & Rogolsky, S. (1988). Family business as an emerging field. Family Business Review, 1(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1988.00001.x
Li, H., & Atuahene-Gima, K. (2001). Product innovation strategy and the performance of new technology ventur es in China. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), 1123–1134. https://doi.org/10.5465/3069392
Li, H., Meng, L., Wang, Q., & Zhou, L.-A. (2008). Political connections, financing and firm performance: Evidence from Chinese private firms. Journal of Development Economics, 87(2), 283–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.03.001
Li, S., Zuo, X. J. (2020). Agency Costs in Family Business: A Review. Journal of Service Science and Management, 13(2), 377–387. https://doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2020.132025
Li, X. C., Chen, L., Chua, J. H., Kirkman, B. L., Rynes-Weller, S., & Gomez-Mejia, L. (2015). Research on Chinese family businesses: Perspectives. Management and Organization Review, 11(4), 579–597. https://doi.org/10.1017/mor.2015.60
Lin, C., Tsai, H.-L., & Wu, J.-C. (2014). Collaboration strategy decision-making using the Miles and Snow typology. Journal of Business Research, 67(9), 1979–1990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.10.013
Ling, F. Y., Zhang, Z., & Wong, W. T. (2020). How personality traits influence management styles of construction project managers. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1108/BEPAM-09-2019-0086
Luo, Y., & Park, S. H. (2001). Strategic alignment and performance of market-seeking MNCs in China. Strategic Management Journal, 22(2), 141–155. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0266(200101)22:2<141::AID-SMJ151>3.0.CO;2-O
Marchesnay, M., & Julien, P.-A. (1996). L’entrepreneuriat. Economica. Paris.
Martin, W. L., McKelvie, A., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2016). Centralization and delegation practices in family versus non-family SMEs: a Rasch analysis. Small Business Economics, 47(3), 755–769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9762-5
Miles, R. E., Snow, C. C., Meyer, A. D., & Coleman, H. J. (1978). Organisational strategy, structure, and process. Academy of Management Review, 3(3), 546–562. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1978.4305755
Morris, M. H., Miyasaki, N. N., Watters, C. E., & Coombes, S. M. (2006). The dilemma of growth: Understanding venture size choices of women entrepreneurs. Small Business Management, 44(2), 221–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2006.00165.x
Pistrui, D., Huang, W., Oksoy, D., Jing, Z., & Welsch, H. (2001). Entrepreneurship in China: Characteristics, attributes, and family forces shaping the emerging private sector. Family Business Review, 14(2), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2001.00141.x
Pugh, D. S., Hickson, D. J. (1976). Organizational Structure in Its Context. The Aston Programme I 1976 (reprinted 1978), Westmead, England: Saxon House. D. S. Pugh and C. R. Hinings (eds.): Organizational Structure: Extensions and Replications.
Schlevogt, K.-A. (2002). The art of Chinese management: Theory, evidence and applications. Oxford University Press.
Smyrnios, K. X., Romano, C., & Tanewski, G. (1997). The Australian family and private business survey 1997. Monash University Publishing.
Snow, C. C., & Hrebiniak, L. G. (1980). Strategy, distinctive competence, and organisational performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(2), 317–336. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392457
Stevens, J. M., & McGowan, R. P. (1983). Managerial strategies in municipal government organisations. Academy of Management Journal, 26(3), 527–534. https://doi.org/10.5465/256264
Stone, M. (1974). Cross-validation and multinomial prediction. Biometrika, 61(3), 509–515. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/61.3.509
Tang, Z., & Hull, C. E. (2011). The strategy configuration of Chinese SMEs. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 19(3), 229–259. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495811000799
Tenenhaus, M., Amato, S., & Esposito Vinzi, V. (2004). A global goodness-of-fit index for PLS structural equation modelling. Proceedings of the XLII SIS scientific meeting.
Tenenhaus, M., Vinzi, V. E., Chatelin, Y.-M., & Lauro, C. (2005). PLS path modeling. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 48(1), 159–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2004.03.005
Wei, M. H., Huang, Q. Y., & Cheng, M. Y. 2013. (2013). The family-related majority shareholder’s role in governance: From the perspective of related party transactions. Management World, 3, 133–147.
Weidenbaum, M. (1996). The Chinese family business enterprise. California Management Review, 38(4), 141–156. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165857
Wetzels, M., Odekerken-Schröder, G., & Van Oppen, C. (2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration. MIS quarterly, 177–195. https://doi.org/10.2307/20650284
Wold, H. O. A. (1982). Soft modelling: the basic design and some extensions. In Jöreskog, K. G., & Wold, H. O. A. (eds), Systems under indirect observation, Part II, Amsterdam: Northholland.
Wu, J., & Pangarkar, N. (2006). Rising to the global challenge: Strategies for firms in emerging markets. Long Range Planning, 39(3), 295–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2006.07.004
Yu, T. F.-L. (2001). The Chinese family business as a strategic system: an evolutionary perspective. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550110385736
Zahra, S. (2005). Entrepreneurial risk taking in family firms. Family Business Review, 18(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2005.00028.x
Zhang, Z.-X., Chen, Z. X. X., Chen, Y.-R., Ang, S. (2014). Business leadership in the Chinese context: Trends, findings, and implications. Management and Organization Review, 10(2), 199–221. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740877600004150
Barnes, L. B., & Hershon, S. A. (1994). Transferring power in the family business. Family Business Review, 7(4), 377–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1994.00377.x
Barry, B. J. (1975). The development of organisation structure in the family firm. Journal of General Management, 3(1), 42–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/030630707500300105
Beckhard, R., & Dyer Jr, W. G. (1983). SMR forum: Managing change in the family firm-Issues and strategies, 24(3), 59.
Blake, R., & Mouton, J. J. (1964). The managerial grid: The key to leadership excellence, 350.
Bouhelal, F., & Kerbouche, M. (2016). Why do we consider Miles and Snow’s model’s one of the most important strategic ones? Maghreb Review of Economic and management, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.12816/0032860
Busenitz, L. W., Gomez, C., & Spencer, J. W. (2000). Country institutional profiles: Unlocking entrepreneurial phenomena. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 994–1003. https://doi.org/10.5465/1556423
Cai, D. A., Fink, E. L., Walker, C. B. (2019). Robert R. Blake, With Recognition of Jane S. Mouton. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, in print. https://doi.org/10.1111/ncmr.12151
Chami, R. (1997). What’s different about family businesses?. Available at SSRN 38041.
Chandler, A. D. Jr. (1962). Strategy and structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise. MIT Press.
Chen, C.-J., & Yu, C.-M. J. (2012). Managerial ownership, diversification, and firm performance: Evidence from an emerging market. International Business Review, 21(3), 518–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2011.06.002
Chen, M. J. (1995). Thailand – Overseas Chinese family business: A case study. East Asian Executive Reports, 17(11), 8–21.
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Advances in Hospitality and Leisure, 8(2), 295–336.
Cho, K. W., Yi, S. H., & Choi, S. (2018). Does Blake and Mouton’s managerial grid work?: the relationship between leadership type and organisation performance in South Korea. International Review of Public Administration, 23(2), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/12294659.2018.1471029
Daily, C. M., & Dollinger, M. J. (1992). An empirical examination of ownership structure in family and professionally managed firms. Family Business Review, 5(2), 117–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1992.00117.x
Davies, H., & Ma, C. (2003). Strategic choice and the nature of the Chinese family business: An exploratory study of the Hong Kong watch industry. Organization Studies, 24(9), 1405–1435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840603249003
Donckels, R., & Fröhlich, E. (1991). Are family businesses really different? European experiences from STRATOS. Family Business Review, 4(2), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1991.00149.x
Donnelley, R. G. (1964). The family business. Harvard Business Review, 42, 93–105.
Elliott, A. C., & Woodward, W. A. (2007). Statistical analysis quick reference guidebook with SPSS examples. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985949
Galván, R. S., Martínez, A. B., & Rahman, H. (2017). Impact of family business on economic development: A study of Spain’s family-owned supermarkets. Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 5(4), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.12691/jbms-5-4-4
Gasson, R., & Errington, A. J. (1993). The farm family business. Cab International.
Gatfield, T., & Youseff, M. (2001). A critical examination of and reflection on the Chinese family business unit and the Chinese business clan. Family Business Review, 14(2), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2001.00153.x
Graves, C., & Thomas, J. (2008). Determinants of the internationalization pathways of family firms: An examination of family influence. Family Business Review, 21(2), 151–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2008.00119.x
Gundry, L. K., & Welsch, H. P. (2001). The ambitious entrepreneur: High growth strategies of women-owned enterprises. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(5), 453–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(99)00059-2
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage publications.
Hannan, M. T., & Freeman, J. (1984). Structural inertia and organisational change. American Sociological Review, 49(2), 149–164. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095567
Henseler, J., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Goodness-of-fit indices for partial least squares path modeling. Computational Statistics, 28(2), 565–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00180-012-0317-1
Hoskisson, R. E., Eden, L., Lau, C. M., & Wright, M. (2000). Strategy in emerging economies. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), 249–267. https://doi.org/10.5465/1556394
Huang, W., Li, J., & Zhang, Q. (2019). Information asymmetry, legal environment, and family firm governance: Evidence from IPO underpricing in China. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 57, 101109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2019.01.005
Inkson, J. H. K., Pugh, D. S., Hickson, D. J. (1970). Organization context and structure: An abbreviated replication. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15(3), 318–329. https://doi.org/10.2307/2391622
Kepner, E. (1983). The family and the firm: A coevolutionary perspective. Organizational Dynamics, 12(1), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(83)90027-X
Julien, P-A., Marchesnay, M. L. (1996). Entrepreneuriat. Ed. Economica. Paris.
Kerbouche, M. B. F., Belmimoun, A. (2017). Organisation effectiveness under the internal factors and environment. Les politiques Economique En Algérie, 8(1), 33–46.
Lansberg, I., Perrow, E. L., & Rogolsky, S. (1988). Family business as an emerging field. Family Business Review, 1(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1988.00001.x
Li, H., & Atuahene-Gima, K. (2001). Product innovation strategy and the performance of new technology ventur es in China. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), 1123–1134. https://doi.org/10.5465/3069392
Li, H., Meng, L., Wang, Q., & Zhou, L.-A. (2008). Political connections, financing and firm performance: Evidence from Chinese private firms. Journal of Development Economics, 87(2), 283–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.03.001
Li, S., Zuo, X. J. (2020). Agency Costs in Family Business: A Review. Journal of Service Science and Management, 13(2), 377–387. https://doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2020.132025
Li, X. C., Chen, L., Chua, J. H., Kirkman, B. L., Rynes-Weller, S., & Gomez-Mejia, L. (2015). Research on Chinese family businesses: Perspectives. Management and Organization Review, 11(4), 579–597. https://doi.org/10.1017/mor.2015.60
Lin, C., Tsai, H.-L., & Wu, J.-C. (2014). Collaboration strategy decision-making using the Miles and Snow typology. Journal of Business Research, 67(9), 1979–1990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.10.013
Ling, F. Y., Zhang, Z., & Wong, W. T. (2020). How personality traits influence management styles of construction project managers. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1108/BEPAM-09-2019-0086
Luo, Y., & Park, S. H. (2001). Strategic alignment and performance of market-seeking MNCs in China. Strategic Management Journal, 22(2), 141–155. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0266(200101)22:2<141::AID-SMJ151>3.0.CO;2-O
Marchesnay, M., & Julien, P.-A. (1996). L’entrepreneuriat. Economica. Paris.
Martin, W. L., McKelvie, A., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2016). Centralization and delegation practices in family versus non-family SMEs: a Rasch analysis. Small Business Economics, 47(3), 755–769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9762-5
Miles, R. E., Snow, C. C., Meyer, A. D., & Coleman, H. J. (1978). Organisational strategy, structure, and process. Academy of Management Review, 3(3), 546–562. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1978.4305755
Morris, M. H., Miyasaki, N. N., Watters, C. E., & Coombes, S. M. (2006). The dilemma of growth: Understanding venture size choices of women entrepreneurs. Small Business Management, 44(2), 221–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2006.00165.x
Pistrui, D., Huang, W., Oksoy, D., Jing, Z., & Welsch, H. (2001). Entrepreneurship in China: Characteristics, attributes, and family forces shaping the emerging private sector. Family Business Review, 14(2), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2001.00141.x
Pugh, D. S., Hickson, D. J. (1976). Organizational Structure in Its Context. The Aston Programme I 1976 (reprinted 1978), Westmead, England: Saxon House. D. S. Pugh and C. R. Hinings (eds.): Organizational Structure: Extensions and Replications.
Schlevogt, K.-A. (2002). The art of Chinese management: Theory, evidence and applications. Oxford University Press.
Smyrnios, K. X., Romano, C., & Tanewski, G. (1997). The Australian family and private business survey 1997. Monash University Publishing.
Snow, C. C., & Hrebiniak, L. G. (1980). Strategy, distinctive competence, and organisational performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(2), 317–336. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392457
Stevens, J. M., & McGowan, R. P. (1983). Managerial strategies in municipal government organisations. Academy of Management Journal, 26(3), 527–534. https://doi.org/10.5465/256264
Stone, M. (1974). Cross-validation and multinomial prediction. Biometrika, 61(3), 509–515. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/61.3.509
Tang, Z., & Hull, C. E. (2011). The strategy configuration of Chinese SMEs. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 19(3), 229–259. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495811000799
Tenenhaus, M., Amato, S., & Esposito Vinzi, V. (2004). A global goodness-of-fit index for PLS structural equation modelling. Proceedings of the XLII SIS scientific meeting.
Tenenhaus, M., Vinzi, V. E., Chatelin, Y.-M., & Lauro, C. (2005). PLS path modeling. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 48(1), 159–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2004.03.005
Wei, M. H., Huang, Q. Y., & Cheng, M. Y. 2013. (2013). The family-related majority shareholder’s role in governance: From the perspective of related party transactions. Management World, 3, 133–147.
Weidenbaum, M. (1996). The Chinese family business enterprise. California Management Review, 38(4), 141–156. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165857
Wetzels, M., Odekerken-Schröder, G., & Van Oppen, C. (2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration. MIS quarterly, 177–195. https://doi.org/10.2307/20650284
Wold, H. O. A. (1982). Soft modelling: the basic design and some extensions. In Jöreskog, K. G., & Wold, H. O. A. (eds), Systems under indirect observation, Part II, Amsterdam: Northholland.
Wu, J., & Pangarkar, N. (2006). Rising to the global challenge: Strategies for firms in emerging markets. Long Range Planning, 39(3), 295–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2006.07.004
Yu, T. F.-L. (2001). The Chinese family business as a strategic system: an evolutionary perspective. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550110385736
Zahra, S. (2005). Entrepreneurial risk taking in family firms. Family Business Review, 18(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2005.00028.x
Zhang, Z.-X., Chen, Z. X. X., Chen, Y.-R., Ang, S. (2014). Business leadership in the Chinese context: Trends, findings, and implications. Management and Organization Review, 10(2), 199–221. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740877600004150
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Kerbouche, M., & Bouguesri, I. (2020). A Structural Analysis of the Chinese Patriarchal Family Business Model: What Happens in the Corridors of the Shrine?. Economics and Business, 34, 224-245. https://doi.org/10.2478/eb-2020-0015
